![]() ![]() Lazarus went on to study the importance of preparing a person for emotion. This work documenting the sometimes unconscious nature of emotions was subsequently rediscovered in the 1980s when neurophysiologists found that certain brain-injured patients show strong emotional reactions to stimuli of which they are totally unaware - a phenomenon called "blindsight." Early in his career, he studied a phenomenon he called "subception," whereby a person reacts emotionally but with no conscious awareness to stimuli that had been paired with electric shock, but does not react emotionally to stimuli not followed by a shock. Lazarus's strong convictions about the importance of cognition for understanding human behavior led to his investigating topics such as consciousness and unconsciousness, and to extending cognition into fields such as stress and coping. He also showed how appraisal explains the meaning of a person's emotional behavior how a single response, like a smile, can be in the service of many different emotions and how totally different responses, like retaliation or passive-aggressiveness, can be in the service of the same emotion. ![]() In this book, Lazarus synthesized empirical and theoretical arguments to show how patterns of appraisal enter into the generation of at least 18 emotions. His theory of emotion centered on the concept of appraisal - how an individual evaluates the impact of an event on his or her self or well-being - a concept which he elaborated upon extensively in his classic work, Emotion and Adaptation, published in 1991. He also helped keep alive the concept of emotion during a time when it was ignored by psychology. He conducted highly-cited experiments on the role of unconscious processes in perception - studies that were years ahead of their time and confirmed in recent studies in affective neuroscience. At a time when psychology tried to understand human behavior by first understanding simple organisms engaging in simple behaviors learned by associations, rewards, or punishments, Lazarus instead stressed the study of cognition. ![]() Lazarus' work influenced psychology in many ways. He also was invited to present numerous lectures in Israel between 19. Among his visiting appointments were a special fellowship at Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan, in 1963-1964 a series of appearances at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, between 19 and visiting professorships at Heidelberg University in 1980, the University of Western Australia in Perth in 1984, and at Aarhus University in Denmark in both 19. Lazarus was widely sought after abroad as a visiting professor, often together with his wife Bernice. The rest of his academic career was spent at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was a professor from 1957 until his retirement in 1991. He was an associate professor and a director of clinical training at Clark University in 1953-1957. Richard Lazarus' first job was at Johns Hopkins University, where he was an assistant professor from 1948 to 1953.
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